Community Health Journal

Community Health Journal

The Relationship between Spiritual Health and Self-efficacy in Pregnant Women Referred to Rural Health Centers of Uremia in 2015

Authors
M Zareipour 1
M Abdolkarimi 2
M Asadpour 3
S Dashti 4
F Askari 5
1 PhD Candidate in Health Education and Health Promotion. Uremia University of Medical Sciences, Uremia, Iran.
2 PhD Candidate in Health Education and Health Promotion, Rafsanjan University of Medical Science, Rafsanjan , Iran.
3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Health Services & Health Promotion, Medical School. Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
4 PhD Candidate in Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
5 5- MSc. in Nursing, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan ,Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Spiritual health is an important aspect of health that can lead to the concept of meaning in life, hope and relaxation within the individual. Given the importance of spiritual health during pregnancy the spiritual health of pregnant women and its impact on the predicted efficacy as an important factor in health-related behaviors were examined.

Materials and Methods: This Descriptive study was conducted on 200 pregnant women referred to rural health centers of Uremia using random cluster sampling during 2015. Spiritual health was assessed with Ellison-Paloutzian questionnaire and self-efficacy was assessed with Sheerer general self-efficacy questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA test and linear regression methods were used to analyze the data

Results: The results of this study showed that %43.4 of pregnant women had moderate Spiritual health and %56/6 had a high spiritual score. Also, the mean score of self-efficacy was 63.73± 8.84. Using analysis of variance showed that the spiritual health had significant relationship with job, gestational age and marriage age. Also, there was a significant relationship between self-efficacy and gestational age and marriage age. (p<0.05). The results showed that the spiritual health of pregnant women and self-efficacy had significant (p<0.001) positive correlation (r=0.79). Regression analysis showed that spiritual health significantly predicted 0.62 variance of self-efficacy for pregnant women.

Conclusion: The findings of the study support that spiritual health is a tool for predicting self-efficacy among pregnant women. So, it should be considered in promoting spiritual well-being of pregnant women and improving their self-efficacy.
Keywords
Spiritual Health
self-efficacy
Pregnant women
Rural health centers of Urmia
  1. Lobel M, Cannella DL, Graham JE, DeVincent C, Schneider J, Meyer BA. Pregnancy-specific stress, prenatal health behaviors, and birth outcomes. Health Psychology 2008;27(5):604-15.
  2. Baker S, Chebli M, Rees S, LeMarec N, Godbout R, Bielajew C. Effects of gestational stress:Evaluation of maternal and juvenile offspring behavior. Brain research 2008;1213:98-110.
  3. Herrman  H ,Saxena  S, Moodie  R. Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, and Practice. A report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health, and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. World Health Organization: switzerland, Genave 2005:116-120.
  4. Allahbakhshian M, Jaffarpour M, Parvizy S, Haghani H. A Survey on relationship between spiritual wellbeing and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2010;12(3):29-33.[Persian]
  5. Jerrold S G .Comprehensive Stress Management.10nd ed. New York: William R. Glass; 2006: 268-269.
  6. Potter PA, Perry AG.  Fundamentals of Nursing.7nd ed.Philadelphia:Mosby Elsevier; 2009: 711-2.
  7. Khodabakhshi Koolaee A, Nasiri Z, Mostafaee F. The relationship between resiliency and meaning of life in students, 5th Proceedings Seminar of mental health of students. University of Shahed Medical science 2010;16(58):6-15.[Persian]
  8. Jesse DE, Reed PG. Effects of spirituality and psychosocial well‐being on health risk behaviors in Appalachian pregnant women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 2004;33(6):739-47.
  9. Konopack JF, McAuley E. Efficacy-mediated effects of spirituality and physical activity on quality of life: A path analysis. Health and quality of life outcomes 2012;10(1):1-6.
  10. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review. 1977;84(2):191-215.
  11. Tam C-L, Chong A, Kadirvelu A, Khoo Y-T. Parenting styles and self-efficacy of adolescents: Malaysian scenario. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research 2013;12(14-A):1-8.
  12. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health education & behavior 2004;31(2):143-64.
  13. Gau M-L, Chang C-Y, Tian S-H, Lin K-C. Effects of birth ball exercise on pain and self-efficacy during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial in Taiwan. Midwifery 2011;27(6):e293-e300.
  14. Oman D, Hedberg J, Downs D, Parsons D. A transcultural spiritually based program to enhance caregiving self-efficacy: A pilot study. Complementary Health Practice Review 2003;8(3):201-24.
  15. Asghari F, Saadat S, Atefi Karajvandani S, Janalizadeh Kokaneh S. The Relationship between Academic Self-Efficacy and Psychological Well-Being, Family Cohesion, and Spiritual Health among Students of Kharazmi University. Iranian Journal of Medical Education 2014;14(7):581-93.[Persian]
  16. ـJahanllo A.Step by Step Guide to Medical and Health Sciences Research.1nd ed.Tehran:Daria Publications; 2010:36-7. [Persian]
  17. Behdani S, Dastjerdi R, Sharifzadeh GR. Relationship between trust in God and self–efficacy With mental health in type II diabetics. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences 2012;19(3):302-11.[Persian]
  18. Paloutzian R F, Ellison  C W. Spiritual Well-Being and the Quality of Life.1nd ed.New York: John Wiley; 1982: 224-36.
  19. Farahaninia M, Abbasi M, Givarry A, Haqqani H. Spiritual health of nursing students and their views on spirituality and spiritual care of patients. Iran Juornal of Nursing 2005;18(44):7-14.[Persian]
  20. Seyedfatemi N, Rezaei M, Givari A, Hoseini F. Pray for the spiritual health of cancer patients. Payesh J 2006; 5(4): 295-304. [Persian]
  21. Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, Prentice-Dunn S, Jacobs B, Rogers RW. The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological reports 1982;51(2):663-71.
  22. Barati S.)dissertation). Assessment Simple and multiple relationships between self-esteem and self-Efficacy and academic performance of students in the third year of the new system of secondary city of ahvaz.Ahvaz: University of Chamran; 2000:38-40. [Persian]
  23. Saffari  M, Sanaeinasab H, Rshidi JH, Purtaghi GH, Pakpour  A. Happiness, Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement among Students of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. J Med Edu Dev 2014; 7 (13):45-56. [Persian]
  24. Rezaei M, Seyedfatemi N, Hosseini F. Spiritual Well-being in Cancer Patients who Undergo Chemotherapy. Hayat 2008; 14(3,4):33-40.[Persian]
  25. Mehrabi T, Alijanpoor A,Ghamaleki M, Hosseiny R, Ziraki DA, Safare Z. A Study on the relationship between spiritual well-being and quality of life in infertile women referred to infertility centers in Isfahan. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac 2014; 12 (7): 562-7. [Persian]
  26. McCoubrie RC, Davies AN. Is there a correlation between spirituality and anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer? Supportive Care in Cancer 2006;14(4):379-85.
  27. Osborn CY, Cavanaugh K, Wallston KA, Rothman RL. Self-efficacy links health literacy and numeracy to glycemic control. Journal of health communication 2010;15(S2):146-58.
  28. Adegbola M. Spirituality, self-efficacy, and quality of life among adults with sickle cell disease. Southern online journal of nursing research 2011;11(1):5-11.
  29. Reicks M, Mills J, Henry H. Qualitative study of spirituality in a weight loss program: Contribution to self-efficacy and locus of control. Journal of nutrition education and behavior 2004;36(1):13-9.
  30. Imam Syed  S, Nurullah  A ,Makol A, Pute R, Rahman  S. Spiritual and Psychological Health of Malaysian Youths. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 2009; 20:85-101.
  31. Romero C, Friedman LC, Kalidas M, Elledge R, Chang J, Liscum KR. Self-forgiveness, spirituality, and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006;29(1):29-36.
  32. Bandura A, Schunk DH. Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of personality and social psychology 1981;41(3):586-98