Community Health Journal

Community Health Journal

An Investigation of the Effects of the 8-Week Intense Interval Training and Combined Strength-Endurance Training on Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) levels in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
AR Kazemi 1
M Imani 2
E Banitalebi 3
1 Associate Prof, Dept of Physical Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran.
2 MSc, Dept of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran.
3 Associate Prof, Dept of Physical Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrkord University, Shahrkord, Iran.
10.22123/chj.2018.85458.
Abstract
Introduction: Several methods of physical activities have been suggested to prevent diabetes. This study was done aimed at determining the effects of the 8-week intense interval training and combined strength-endurance training on secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) levels in women with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 42 women aged 45-60 with diabetes and with the fasting blood sugar exceeding 126 mg/dL were selected and randomly assigned to three groups, including the SIT group (N =14), the combined exercise group (N =14), and the control group (N =14) who trained for 8 weeks. The SIT Group did the exercise 3 times a week, with 4-10 times of repetitions and the 30-second Wingate test was done on the ergometer with the maximum effort. The combined exercise group took the aerobic exercise 3 sessions a week with 60% of the maximum heart rate and 2 sessions per week of the resistance exercise taken at 70% with one repetition at maximum. The control group did not have any regular activity. The SPARC was measured using the blood samples 24 hours before and after the training periods. To analyze the data and determine the differences among the groups, the dependent t-test and covariance were used.
Results: The results showed that changes in the serum SPARC were not significant followed by any of the three SIT (p=0.54), combined (p=0.92), and control (p=0.52) groups. The comparison among the groups showed no significant difference among them (p=0.537).
Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that the 2 training protocols had the same effects on the factors related to insulin resistance. Furthermore, these two protocols were equally effective in improving SPARC. Thus, the use of the 2 training methods can be similarly efficient in improving insulin resistance.  
Keywords
Diabetes mellitus
Insulin resistance
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)
Exercise
Training
  1. Bril V. Treatments for diabetic neuropathy. JPNS 2012;17(2):22-7.
  2. Azimi-Nezhad M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Parizadeh M, Safarian M, Esmaeili H, Parizadeh S, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iran and its relationship with gender, urbanisation, education, marital status and occupation. SMJ 2008;49(7):571-6.
  3. Jensen T, Deckert T. Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Generalized vascular damage in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. HMRSS 1992;26:68-70.
  4. Pedersen BK, Akerstrom TC, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP. Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism. JAP 2007;103(3):1093-8.
  5. Seldin MM, Peterson JM, Byerly MS, Wei Z, Wong GW. Myonectin (CTRP15), a novel myokine that links skeletal muscle to systemic lipid homeostasis. JBC 2012;287(15):11968-80.
  6. Di Raimondo D, Tuttolomondo A, Musiari G, Schimmenti C, Angelo A, Pinto A. Are the myokines the mediators of physical activity-induced health benefits? CPD 2016;22(24):3622-47.
  7. Harries LW, McCulloch LJ, Holley JE, Rawling TJ, Welters HJ, Kos K. A role for SPARC in the moderation of human insulin secretion. PloS one 2013;8(6):e68253.
  8. Wu D, Li L, Yang M, Liu H, Yang G-Y. Elevated plasma levels of SPARC in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. EJE 2014;289(44):30614-25.
  9. Moh MC, Sum CF, Tavintharan S, Pek SLT, Yeoh LY, Ng X, et al. Association of the anti-angiogenic factor secreted protein and rich in cysteine (SPARC) with vascular complications among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients in Singapore. JDC 2017;31(7):1222-7.
  10. Xu L, Ping F, Yin J, Xiao X, Xiang H, Ballantyne CM, et al. Elevated plasma SPARC levels are associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in gestational diabetes mellitus. PloS one 2013;8(12):e81615.
  11. Poirier P, Tremblay A, Broderick TL, Catellier C, Tancrède G, Nadeau A. Impact of moderate aerobic exercise training on insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic men treated with oral hypoglycemic agents: is insulin sensitivity enhanced only in nonobese subjects? MSM 2002;8(2):CR59-CR65.
  12. Aoi W, Naito Y, Takagi T, Tanimura Y, Takanami Y, Kawai Y, et al. A novel myokine, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), suppresses colon tumorigenesis via regular exercise. Gut 2013;62(6):882-9.
  13. Songsorn P, Ruffino J, Vollaard NB. No effect of acute and chronic supramaximal exercise on circulating levels of the myokine SPARC. EJSS 2017;17(4):447-52.
  14. Son JS, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Yoon DH, Kim JS, Song HS, et al. Effect of resistance ladder training on sparc expression in skeletal muscle of hindlimb immobilized rats. Muscle & nerve 2016;53(6):951-7.
  15. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2012;55(6):1577-96.
  16. Gibala MJ, Little JP, MacDonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low volume, high intensity interval training in health and disease. The Journal of physiology 2012;590(5):1077-84.
  17. Gibala MJ. High-intensity interval training: a time-efficient strategy for health promotion? CSMR 2007;6(4):211-3.
  18. Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training. Sports medicine 2002;32(1):53-73.
  19. De Nardi AT, Tolves T, Lenzi TL, Signori LU, da Silva AMV. High-intensity interval training versus continuous training on physiological and metabolic variables in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. DRCP 2018;137:149-59..
  20. Wahl P. Hormonal and metabolic responses to high intensity interval training.  J Sports Med Doping Stud 2013;3(1):1-2.
  21. Esfarjani F, Rashidi F, Marandi SM. The effect of aerobic exercise on blood glucose, Lipid Profile and Apo. JAUMS 2013;13(2):132-41.[Persian]
  22. Ketabipoor S, KOUSHKIE JM. Effeet of aquatic aerobic training on serum A and B apoproteins and lipoproteins in obese and normal weight menopause women.AMUJ 2014;17(8,89):44-52.[Persian]
  23. Wang Z, Song H-Y, An M-M, Zhu L-L. Association of serum SPARC level with severity of coronary artery lesion in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 2015;8(10):19290-6.
  24. Bruce C, Kriketos A, Cooney G, Hawley J. Disassociation of muscle triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity after exercise training in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004;47(1):23-30.
  25. Hamed NS, Raoof NALA. Effect of high intensity interval training on diabetic obese women with polyneuropathy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation 2014;1(1):4.
  26. Francois ME, Little JP. Effectiveness and safety of high-intensity interval training in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum 2015;28(1):39-44.
  27. Whyte LJ, Gill JM, Cathcart AJ. Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism 2010;59(10):1421-8.
  28. Raschke S, Eckel J. Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin—mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise. Mediators of inflammation 2013:1-16.
  29. Rynders CA, Weltman A. High-intensity exercise training for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Physician and sportsmedicine 2014;42(1):7-14.
  30. Schnyder S, Handschin C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise. Bone 2015;80:115-25.
  31. Russell AP, Feilchenfeldt J, Schreiber S, Praz M, Crettenand A, Gobelet C, et al. Endurance training in humans leads to fiber type-specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2003;52(12):2874-81.
  32. Scribbans TD, Edgett BA, Vorobej K, Mitchell AS, Joanisse SD, Matusiak JB, et al. Fibre-specific responses to endurance and low volume high intensity interval training: striking similarities in acute and chronic adaptation. PLoS One 2014;9(6):e98119.